freestyle libre flash glucose monitoring system invasive

#Freestyle libre flash glucose monitoring system invasive skin

After a ‘warm-up’/calibration time of one (FreeStyle Libre 3) or two hours (Dexom G6), the sensor is connected with a wearable device for monitoring the measured data, and the glucose level is determined every few minutes.

#Freestyle libre flash glucose monitoring system invasive skin

Herein, a sensor is inserted into the skin of the belly or of the upper arm. The well-established commercial available glucose sensing systems of Dexcom and FreeStyle Libre are based on this method. A probe of this liquid is then chemically evaluated to determine the glucose level. Minimal invasive monitoring: Minimal invasive glucose sensing is via microneedles inserted into the skin where the interstitial fluid is located. These systems automatically measure the blood glucose level and its trend in short time intervals and are, thus, excellent candidates to make the life of a patient suffering from diabetes more comfortable and safe. In 2000, systems for continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM) became commercially available. Consequently, affected patients must check their blood glucose levels regularly. Nevertheless, the complication incidence has declined since the 1990s, benefitting from the better recognition and management of blood glucose levels. In addition, short term complications of hypoglycemia may lead to coma or death, in the worst cases. Additionally, diabetics have a two- to four-fold higher risk of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease mortality than those without diabetes. The occurrence of retinopathy is caused by the long-term damage to the small blood vessels in the retina, and it is a leading factor of resulting blindness. In particular, the high incidence of nephropathy occurs after suffering diabetes for five-years, and an early indicator thereof is increased urinary albumin excretion. Those long term complications of hyperglycemia can be categorized into macrovascular diabetic complications, such as heart diseases, and miscrovascular diabetic complications, which cause diseases in organs, such as nephropathy, retinophathy and neuropathy.

In case the glucose level differs from the normal range, it can cause an adverse influence on the heart, the blood vessels, the eyes, the kidneys and the nerves as well as circulatory system problems. Blood glucose levels (BGL) below 70 mg/dL are called hypoglycemia, whereas levels above 120 mg/dL or 140 mg/dL when fasting or two hours after eating, respectively, or in general a value of >180 mg/dL, correspond to hyperglycemia. The normal range of fasting blood glucose is between 70 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease.